Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Internal Medicine Settings

Abstract

Background: Anemia is the most frequent but under-diagnosed complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that increases morbidity and poor clinical outcomes in internal medicine facilities. The objective of the study was the assessment of prevalence and clinical profile of anemia in the CKD patients and the investigation of relationship between inflammation and iron profile, nutritional state and anemia in CKD stages. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study consisted of sample size of 116 adult CKD patients was identified with a non-probability consecutive sampling. CKD staging was performed according to estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) criteria and anemia was defined as hemoglobin < 13 g/dl in men and < 12 g/dl in women. The clinical, hematologic, inflammatory, and analytical parameters were measured and contrasted between the stages of CKD. The analysis of data was performed using SPSS version 26; p < 0.05 was taken as significantly significant. Results: CKD patients presented with anemia of 72.5 %. Further stages of CKD were linked to a reduction of serum iron, albumin, and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) levels by a large magnitude and an increase in ferritin and C-reactive protein levels (CRP) levels (p < 0.05). Anemia patients had higher clinical complications in terms of cardiovascular occurrence and dialysis progression. Conclusion: This research has demonstrated that in CKD, anemia is highly associated with inflammation, iron metabolism alteration, and nutrition deterioration-particularly in the advanced levels. The intervention at an early stage helps in preventing the advancement of the disease and its complications.