The Effect of Herbal Formulation of Centratherum Anthelminticum Seeds Extract on Salivary Microbial Count and Oral Health in Diabetic and Non-Diabetics Adults
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36283/PJMD13-3/012Abstract
Background: Diabetes can cause oral health issues like periodontal disease, dental caries, and delayed wound healing, requiring effective diabetes management and good oral hygiene. This study evaluated the efficacy of Centratherum anthelminticum (eCset) seed extract in herbal formulation against oral issues in adults with and without diabetes.
Methods: This randomized control trial study was conducted at Surani Dental Clinic, Karachi, for 4 weeks in January 2023 and included 18-60 years of type-2 diabetics on standard anti-diabetic therapy for at least 6 months, moderate to severe oral ailments, at least 24 teeth, and no recent antibiotic therapy. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of eCset seed extract was tested and compared with reference drugs Chloramphenicol and Nystatin by using the diffusion zone methods and eCset herbal formulation was prepared. The weight, height, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured, oral health at baseline and after intervention was assessed, and saliva samples were collected before and after using eCset mouthwash for four weeks and cultured. SPSS v.21 was used with p<0.05 considered significant.
Results: The growth inhibition zones(mm) for Staphylococcus aureus were (Chloramphenicol:25 vs eCset:22), Micrococcus luteus (55 vs 22), Vibrio cholera (40 vs 29), Salmonella typhi (23 vs 16) and Aspergillus niger (eCset:18 vs Nystatin:22mm). The eCset herbal mouthwash improved plaque in healthy and diabetic participants and decreased the salivary CFU values (p<0.01) in both groups after using eCset mouthwash for four weeks.
Conclusion: The in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of eCset seed extract supports its herbal mouthwash formulation used to maintain and improve oral hygiene.
Keywords: Anti-Microbial Agents, Diabetes Mellitus, Mouthwashes, Oral Health.
Anti-Microbial Agents, Diabetes Mellitus, Mouthwashes, Oral Health.
References
Kumar A, Gangwar R, Ahmad Zargar A, Kumar R, Sharma A. Prevalence of Diabetes in India: A Review of IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition. CDR. 2024;20(1):e130423215752. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399819666230413094200
Basit A, Fawwad A, Baqa K. Diabetes Registry of Pakistan: Diabetes Registry of Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(3). https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.3.1877
Mohan D, Bhuvaneshwar Y, Jeyaram RM, Saravanan S, Amutha A, Research Team. Dental caries and their relation to hba1c in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Public Health. 2022;66(2):206–29. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_1935_21
Rohani B. Oral manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus. WJD. 2019;10(9):485–489. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v10.i9.485
Genco RJ, Borgnakke WS. Diabetes as a potential risk for periodontitis: association studies. Periodontology 2000. 2020;83(1):40–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12270
Ali T, Rumnaz A, Urmi UL, Nahar S, Rana M, Sultana F, et al. Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals Carry Different Periodontal Bacteria. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2021;21:e0107. https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2021.049
Wang RR, Xu YS, Ji MM, Zhang L, Li D, Lang Q, et al. Association of the oral microbiome with the progression of impaired fasting glucose in a Chinese elderly population. Journal of Oral Microbiology. 2019;11(1):1605789. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2019.1605789
Roberts AP, Mullany P. Oral biofilms: a reservoir of transferable, bacterial, antimicrobial resistance. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2010;8(12):1441–1450. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.10.106
Vieira Colombo AP, Magalhães CB, Hartenbach FARR, Martins Do Souto R, Maciel Da Silva-Boghossian C. Periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: A reservoir for pathogens of medical importance. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2016; 94:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.09.009
Moghadam ET, Yazdanian M, Tahmasebi E, Tebyanian H, Ranjbar R, Yazdanian A, et al. Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2020; 889:173665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173665
Mudassir HA, Qureshi SA, Azmi MB, Ahsan M, Kamran M, Jafar S. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of crude seeds of Centratherum anthelminticum in healthy volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2018;31(3(Supplementary)):1061–1065.
Khan J, Saleem A, Akram M, Afzal M, Jabeen F. Pharmacological evaluation & phytochemical screening of seed extracts of kaliziri (Centratherum anthelminticum). World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology.2024 9(2):53–58. https://doi.org/10.33865/wjb.009.02.1286
Bashari MH, Arsydinilhuda FZ, Ilhamsyah RS, Nugrahani AD, Nurdin RA, Kartika A, et al. The Ethanol Extract of Marine Sponge Aaptos suberitoides Suppress Cell Viability, Cell Proliferation and Cell Migration in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2021;22(S1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.s1.25
Hossain TJ. Methods for screening and evaluation of antimicrobial activity: A review of protocols, advantages, and limitations. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2024;14(2):97–115. https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2024.00035
Assiry AA, Ahmed N, Almuaddi A, Saif A, Alshahrani MA, Mohamed RN, et al. The antioxidant activity, preliminary phytochemical screening of Zingiber zerumbet, and antimicrobial efficacy against selective endodontic bacteria. Food Sci Nutr. 2023;11(8):4853–4860. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3462
Reka L, Godage CM, Wijayabandara J, Siriwardhene A. Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Languas galangal Rhizome and Development of a Topical Antifungal Cream. Medicines. 2023;10(6):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines10060034
Pedrazzi V, Leite MF, Tavares RC, Sato S, Do Nascimento GC, Issa JPM. Herbal Mouthwash Containing Extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia as Agent for the Control of Biofilm: Clinical Evaluation in Humans. The Scientific World Journal. 2015;2015:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/712683
Mishra N, Trivedi A, Gajdhar SK, Bhagwat H, Khutwad GK, Mall PE, et al. Correlation of Blood Glucose Levels, Salivary Glucose Levels and Oral Colony Forming Units of Candida albicans in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019;20(4):494–498.
Baig N, Sultan R, Qureshi SA. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) Kuntze seed oil in diabetic nephropathy via modulation of Nrf-2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22(1):301. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03776-x
Patel V P, Hirpara M, Suthar M P. In vitro screening for antibacterial activity of various extract of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds. 2012;2(1):1–4.
Mahizan NA, Yang SK, Moo CL, Song AAL, Chong CM, Chong CW, et al. Terpene Derivatives as a Potential Agent against Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Pathogens. Molecules. 2019;24(14):2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142631
Farha AK, Yang QQ, Kim G, Li HB, Zhu F, Liu HY, et al. Tannins as an alternative to antibiotics. Food Bioscience. 2020;38:100751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100751
Ethiraj S, Balasundaram J. Phytochemical and Biological Activity of Cucurbita Seed Extract. JBT. 2016;6(1):813–821. https://doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v6i1.4821
Thouri A, Chahdoura H, El Arem A, Omri Hichri A, Ben Hassin R, Achour L. Effect of solvents extraction on phytochemical components and biological activities of Tunisian date seeds (var. Korkobbi and Arechti). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1751-y
Kavital A, Hiremath MB. Phytochemical screening and biological activities of Syzygium cumini seed extracts. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. 2023;157(6):1203–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2023.2259375
Chung KT, Wong TY, Wei CI, Huang YW, Lin Y. Tannins and human health: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1998;38(6):421–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408699891274273
Wirasathien L, Boonarkart C, Pengsuparp T, Suttisri R. Biological Activities of Alkaloids from Pseuduvaria setosa . Pharmaceutical Biology. 2006;44(4):274–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200600714111
Sparg SG, Light ME, van Staden J. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94(2–3):219–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.016
Wen K, Fang X, Yang J, Yao Y, Nandakumar KS, Salem ML, et al. Recent Research on Flavonoids and their Biomedical Applications. CMC. 2021;28(5):1042–1066. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200713184138
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CreativeCommons Attribution License (CC BY) 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
How to Cite
