Alveolar Bone Regeneration Via Utilization of Nanohydroxyapatite Scaffolds: A Review

Abstract

The complete architectural and functional rehabilitation of periodontium owes to the integrity of alveolar bone. The inherent shortcomings of traditional gold standard regenerative procedures like autografting, xenografting, allografting and alloplasting lead to the evolutionary combination of Tissue Engineering/Regenerative Medicine (TE/RM) and nanotechnology for bone repair. Nanotechnology enables the fabrication of either nanoparticles, nanofibers or nanocomposites based on three-dimensional scaffolds. However, it will incorporate vital cells and growth factors in various combinations, to simulate a conducive oral environment of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and empower cells in the bone to regulate in-vivo osteogenesis. The advantageous combination of structural similarity of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) Scaffolds to the alveolar bone with favorable particle size, response rate, tissue factors and bio factor, makes it attractive for TE/RM. Relevant keywords from 2010-2021 studies were used to retrieve data from “PubMed” and “Google Scholar”. This review aims to summarize the cumulative knowledge of commercially available nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds for utilization in alveolar bone augmentation, regeneration of implant osteointegration by their fabrication techniques, advantages, components, types, interaction with various components and particular application of each type for in vivo alveolar bone regeneration. Therefore, nHA scaffolds possess significant osteoconductive and osteoinductive effects on structural similarities to the composition, adhesion and differentiation of bone-forming cells.

Keywords: Scaffolds; Tissue Engineering; Nano-Hydroxyapatite, Bone Regeneration; Nanotechnology.